Patients are often anxious about planned medical interventions, and those experiencing anxiety are less likely to have the confidence to collaborate with healthcare professionals on their plan of care, and make decisions about consent. They may also find it challenging to follow rehabilitation guidelines, which can affect their long-term recovery. As part of their professional duty, nurses are required to recognise when people are anxious or in distress and respond compassionately, and while acquiring valid consent for any planned medical intervention requires the nurse to explain any risks, they should also attempt to reassure patients. The anxiety that precedes a planned medical intervention has been described as state anxiety; this refers to feelings of discomfort and uncertainty that accompany a situation such as an operation or a diagnostic procedure. Nurses can attempt to reduce any anxiety that patients experience by explaining the planned medical intervention and providing accurate information at the optimum time. This article outlines some of the coping theories that nurses can use to support patients in managing their anxiety about planned medical interventions.
Nursing Standard. 31, 47, 53-63. doi: 10.7748/ns.2017.e10544
Correspondence
Peer review
This article has been subject to external double-blind peer review and checked for plagiarism using automated software
Conflict of interest
None declared
Received: 26 April 2017
Accepted: 12 June 2017
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Introduction
Surgical procedures are individual, separate and systematic manipulations on or inside the body, which may be complete, and are performed by a physician or other qualified health professional, with or without instruments, to restore torn or deficient body parts, remove diseased or injured tissue, remove foreign bodies, assist deliveries or facilitate diagnosis. 1 In consequence, surgical trauma causes a series ofphysiological and psychological responses that, taken to the extreme, can alter the functions of the main organ systems. 2
Studying fear related to surgical interventions is relevant considering the usual reaction that this state generates in people who will be operated, and also because of the multiple consequences it can have during the postoperative period. Fear is a feeling that can trigger negative impacts in social, family, affective and work environments.
Several factors, which can be classified as external or internal, may cause fear before surgery. External factors include the type of surgery, the quality of medical care 3, strange environments, lack of privacy in the rooms and surgical environments, undergoing anesthesia and lack of social support. On the other hand, internal factors include age, sex, socioeconomic status, occupation, physical condition, fear of hospital environment 3, personality type, internal locus of control, poor tolerance of ambiguity and emotion-focused coping. 4
Patient care, defined as an activity that requires personal and professional value aimed at the conservation, restoration and self-care of life, is based on the nurse-patient therapeutic relationship and is the essence of the nursing profession. 5 This activity puts into practice knowledge in standard nursing language to generate high quality care.
Nursing diagnosis defines fear as the response to perceived threats that are consciously recognized as dangerous. 6 In this way, fear experienced by patients before a surgical intervention is caused by the psychological stress to which they are exposed. 7,8 Preoperative education involves any verbal, written or audiovisual information that seeks to provide emotional support and complete information about the procedure and its complications to patients, to help them understand that the surgical procedure is safe. 9-11
Previous studies have shown that preoperative teaching can be applied to control fear in patients, establish a better therapeutic relationship with them and their relatives, develop self-control and self-care behaviors and provide information about the surgical procedure through communication and humanization. 12-14 The information and education offered to patients through nursing interventions can reduce preoperative fear and increase the degree of satisfaction and well-being in patients and, therefore, the quality of care provided to them. 15
The aim of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of nursing interventions in preoperative teaching and reduction of anxiety to control fear in patients scheduled for surgery, compared with usual preoperative care.
Materials and methods
Design and participants
A randomized controlled clinical trial was carried out in people scheduled for surgery in a private tertiary hospital located in the city of Bucaramanga. This hospital has two endoscopy rooms, a delivery room, and six operating rooms where 400 surgeries are performed per month on average.
This study included patients of different specialties scheduled for surgery aged >15 years, with a nursing diagnosis of fear established based on at least two defining characteristics: identification of the object of fear and a score of ;4.0 in the "Fear control" result label. Patients who presented alterations in mental status or limitations to provide relevant information were excluded from the study.
Two evaluation labels of the Nursing Outcomes Classification [NOC] were used: "Fear Control", which consists of 18 indicators -five were selected-, and "Knowledge: Therapeutic Procedures", which consists of 14 indicators -six were selected. The labels evaluated through operationalization of the selected indicators are presented in Tables 1 and 2.
Table 1
Operationalization of the fear evaluation scale.
Table 2
Operationalization of the "Knowledge: therapeutic procedures" evaluation scale.
The improvement of the NOC score was observed through two intervention labels from the Nursing Interventions Classification [NIC]: "Decrease in anxiety", which has 22 activities that were applied in their entirety during the first educational session, and "Preoperative teaching", which has 26 activities that were applied in their entirety during the second educational session.
A sample size of 45 people was estimated taking into account a power of 0.90, an alpha error of 0.05, a ratio of intervened to not intervened of 1:2, an average of 3.5 in the final NOC of the control group and an average of 4.0 in the final NOC of the intervention group regarding the “fear control” outcome label, and a standard deviation of 0.5 for both groups. Randomization of the intervention was made using the block system. 16 After identifying the participants who met the inclusion criteria and prior acceptance of enrollment in the study, a nurse from the surgery department performed the randomization.
Instruments and procedures
The researchers and evaluators of the study did not know the randomization sequence. The evaluators of the outcome of interest did not participate in the nursing intervention sessions nor did they have knowledge of the group to which each study participant was assigned.
Before the information collection phase, a pilot test was carried out in 10 participants to test instruments, interviewers' training and execution of interventions. For data collection, three formats were applied: one of focused assessment that contained basic data about the patients, preoperative information and defining characteristics for the identification of fear diagnosis; one for the evaluation of initial and final results of the "fear control" label, and one for the evaluation of initial and final results of the "Knowledge: therapeutic procedures" label.
Interventions
Participants assigned to the intervention group received two individual sessions the day before the scheduled surgery. During the sessions, two interventions proposed in the NIC 17 were used: "Reduction of anxiety" with 22 activities, and "Preoperative education" with 26 activities.
During the first session, preoperative teaching was performed to provide structured preoperative information to the patient who was going to be operated. The information was provided by means of pictures, posters, diagrams and brochures. In addition, patients had direct contact with some elements used during surgeries such as masks, anesthesia bags, venoclysis equipment, catheters, probes, cystoflo bag, oxygen therapy equipment and surgical clothing.
During the second session, activities were carried out to know the response of patients to fear, its impact on their daily lives, its characteristics, the strategies used in previous experiences and the perception regarding the situation that triggers fear. Participants were instructed on some behavioral, cognitive and sensory coping techniques. Additionally, a guided imagery protocol, a relaxation music CD and a sheet with daily affirmations were delivered to patients, while the visual analog scale was applied to measure fear. Both sessions were held the day before surgery by last-year nursing students who were trained and had experience in this type of intervention.
In contrast, the control group received the usual care provided by the health personnel of the outpatient surgery service of the hospital where the study was conducted. This care consisted in verifying compliance with the authorization and the supplies required [orthopedics material, meshes, ear valves], complete clinical history, pre-anesthetic sheet completion, additional surgery requirements [blood reservation, freeze biopsy], oral information on general instructions according to the surgical procedure, delivery of instructions, taking vital signs and weight control. The usual care ended with the pre-anesthetic assessment.
Evaluation of results
Nursing intervention for "Reduction of anxiety" was evaluated through the "Fear Control" label and the "Preoperative teaching" nursing intervention with the label "Knowledge: therapeutic procedures". Both labels coincide with the NOC. 18
The scales of the aforementioned labels were evaluated taking into account the operationalization of the formulated indicators, which was validated and used in a previous research. 19 Said operationalization consists in transforming the question into each indicator to allow its quantification and help the patient and the evaluator to understand them easily.
Variables
The dependent variable of this study was fear control. Five indicators were considered for the "Fear control" label to determine the patient's condition and evaluate the effectiveness of the intervention. Said indicators were measured through a Likert scale, with a range from 1 to 5, going from never manifested 6 to constantly manifested. 4,18 The five indicators are: use of effective coping strategies, referring reduction of the duration of episodes, maintaining role performance, maintaining social relationships and controlling fear response.
People in both intervention and control groups were evaluated at two moments: the day before the surgery during the pre-anesthetic assessment, where the nursing diagnosis of fear was established using the focused assessment form [initial NOC], and the day of the surgical procedure before being transferred to the surgery service [final NOC]. The evaluation was applied by two people so that each participant in the study was evaluated twice, at both moments. Evaluators did not know to which group the participants were assigned. The assigned score corresponded to the average of the two values given by the evaluators. In addition, variables of age, sex, marital status, socioeconomic status, schooling, weight, companion at the time of surgery, type of anesthesia, type of surgical procedure, previous surgeries, number of dependents, occupation, religion, and medical diagnosis were analyzed.
Data analysis
Once the information was collected, a database was created in the Epilnfo 6.04b program. Information was entered twice and compared with the Validate subprogram to correct errors.
Student's t-test and X2 test were performed to determine if there were statistically significant differences in the study variables between the intervention and control groups. Parametric tests were used with previous assumption of normality and equality of variances. Chronbach's alpha was used to measure the internal consistency of the evaluation format for both result labels: "Fear control" and "Knowledge: therapeutic procedures".
To determine the reproducibility of the evaluation forms, the limits were calculated according to the Bland-Altman method, which allowed comparing the scores given by both evaluators. The analysis of covariance [ANCOVA] was used to calculate the effects of nursing interventions [final NOC], controlled by the initial NOC score, age and sex. The analysis was carried out by intention of treatment.
Ethical considerations
The project was approved by the directives of the hospital where the participants of the study were recruited. It was adjusted to the guidelines provided by Resolution 8430 of 1993 of the Ministry of Health of Colombia for research on human subjects. 20 Compliance with the principles and ethical standards of the Declaration of Helsinki was guaranteed at all times. 21 The participants signed an informed consent.
Results
A total of 437 people with scheduled surgeries were evaluated, of which 227 [52%] did not meet the inclusion criteria and 165 [38%] refused to participate in the research. The remaining 45 people made up the analytical sample: 15 were assigned randomly to the intervention group and 30 to the control group as shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1
Flowchart of study participants.
Source. Own elaboration based on the data obtained in the study.
Table 3 shows the baseline characteristics of the participants. No statistically significant differences were found [p 15 years, scheduled for surgery with a nursing diagnosis of fear.
Acknowledgements
To the late Professor Luis Carlos Orozco for his methodological orientation during the development of the project.
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Notes
Sepúlveda-Plata MC, García-Corzo GE, Gamboa-Delgado EM. Effectiveness of nursing intervention to control fear in patients scheduled for surgery. Rev. Fac. Med. 2018;66[2]:195-200. English. doi: //dx.doi.org/10.15446/revfacmed.v66n2.58008.
Sepúlveda-Plata MC, García-Corzo GE, Gamboa-Delgado EM. [Eficacia de una intervención de enfermería para control del temor en pacientes programados para cirugía]. Rev. Fac. Med. 2018;66[2]:195-200. English. doi: //dx.doi.org/10.15446/revfacmed.v66n2.58008.
Funding: none stated by the authors.
Author notes
*Corresponding author: Edna Magaly Gamboa-Delgado. Faculty of Health, Universidad Industrial de Santander. Carrera 32 No. 29-31, Telephone number: +57 7 6344000. Bucaramanga. Colombia. Email: .
Conflict of interest declaration
Conflicts of interests: none stated by the authors.