Pierre is slow and methodical and takes the time to consider all available options before he makes a decision. Which quality of personality defines this tendency to act in a similar manner across situations?
a. distinctiveness
b. response tendencies
c. incongruence
d. consistency
What term is defined as a durable disposition to behave in a particular way in a variety of situations?
a. archetype
b. social schema
c. personality trait
d. defence mechanism
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In the five-factor model of personality, what are the five dimensions of personality?
a. conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, imagination, and
dependency
b. agreeableness, neuroticism, extraversion, openness, and conscientiousness
c. extraversion, intelligence, conscientiousness, neuroticism, and imagination
d. sensitivity, neuroticism, agreeableness, dominance, and openness
b. agreeableness, neuroticism, extraversion, openness, and conscientiousness
According to the five-factor model of personality, how would people who are suspicious, antagonistic, and aggressive be described?
a. low in neuroticism
b. low in extraversion
c. low in agreeableness
d. low in conscientiousness
Martin is extremely sociable, friendly, assertive, and he likes to have fun. Based on the five-factor model of personality, how does
Martin probably score?
a. high in agreeableness
b. high in openness
c. high in extraversion
d. low in neuroticism
Although Becky is friendly and outgoing when she is at work, she prefers to spend her weekends by herself reading a good book. On the other hand, Carla is fairly quiet and withdrawn when she is at work but prefers to spend her weekends at night clubs or dances where there are lots of other people.
In terms of the quality of personality, what do these two individuals illustrate?
a. distinctiveness
b. consistency
c. self-efficacy
d. incongruence
What is the goal of factor analysis?
a. to identify the environmental factors that produce behavioural consistency across various situations
b. to determine which situational factors affect an individual's sense of self-efficacy during adulthood
c. to determine which environmental factors lead to self-actualization in middle-age adults
d. to discover common personality factors by examining which descriptors cluster together statistically
d. to discover common personality factors by examining which descriptors cluster together statistically
Which of the following characteristics is NOT one of the traits in the five-factor model of personality?
a. openness to experience
b. self-efficacy
c. neuroticism
d. extraversion
According to Alfred Adler, what term refers to an exaggerated feeling of weakness and inadequacy?
a. incongruent personality
b. reciprocal determinism
c. inferiority complex
d. Oedipal complex
Janine has extremely strong moral standards, but whenever she fails to live up to the high standards she sets for herself, she becomes overwhelmed by feelings of guilt. According to Freud, what most likely dominates Janine's personality?
a. her superego
b. her id
c. her ego
d. her incongruence
According to Freud's theory, in what level of awareness are
repressed sexual desires most likely found?
a. conscious
b. preconscious
c. unconscious
d. collective unconscious
Someone with latent homosexual urges strongly and loudly condemns gays. What kind of defence mechanism might this person be using?
a. repression
b. regression
c. identification
d. reaction formation
During which
psychosexual stage did Freud think the Oedipal complex occurred?
a. oral
b. anal
c. latency
d. phallic
To differentiate his approach from Freud's psychoanalytic theory, what term did Carl Jung use?
a. individual psychology
b. analytical psychology
c. humanistic psychology
d. phenomenological psychology
What has been the main
focus of research in the behavioural tradition?
a. personality
b. learning
c. social behaviour
d. sensation and perception
What is NOT associated with Skinner's view of personality?
a. unconscious motivation
b. determinism
c. reinforcement
d. response tendencies
a. unconscious motivation
In the past, Denise was able to get her own way if she acted aggressively. Consequently, she has learned to be extremely assertive and somewhat rude. Based on the principles of operant conditioning, what process best accounts for Denise's assertive personality?
a. punishment
b. reciprocal determinism
c. reinforcement
d. self-actualization
Someone with latent homosexual urges strongly and loudly condemns gays. What kind of defence mechanism might this person be using?
a. repression
b. regression
c. identification
d. reaction formation
What is NOT associated with high self-efficacy?
a. having been anxious and depressed in childhood
b. having greater success in searching for a
job
c. being able to stop using cigarettes and other drugs
d. maintaining a regular exercise routine
a. having been anxious and depressed in childhood
Which learning theorist proposed the most mechanical view of human personality and paid little attention to internal, unobservable processes?
a. Albert Bandura
b. Walter Mischel
c. Alfred Adler
d. B. F. Skinner
According to Albert Bandura's theory of behaviour, what produces characteristic patterns of behaviour?
a. punishment
b. reinforcement
c. imitation
d. unconscious motivation
According to Albert Bandura's theory of behaviour, what produces characteristic
patterns of behaviour?
a. punishment
b. reinforcement
c. imitation
d. unconscious motivation
d. unconscious motivation
What term applies to the belief that one has the ability to perform behaviours that should lead to expected outcomes?
a. self-efficacy
b. self-concept
c.
self-reliance
d. self-justification
How would a psychologist interested in operant conditioning perspective explain Caleb's outgoing personality?
a. in terms of his history of reinforcement and punishment
b. in terms of his self-concept and his interactions with others
c. in terms of his unconsciously repressed feelings of sexual tension
d. in terms of his influential positive and negative role
models
a. in terms of his history of reinforcement and punishment
Randall believes that he will never do well in his music class and, thus, he seldom practises. His lack of practice results in poor performance, which further convinces him that he lacks the ability to do well. According to Albert
Bandura, what does this interaction between Randall's beliefs, his behaviour, and his environment illustrate?
a. higher-order conditioning
b. self-concept
c. reciprocal determinism
d. self-actualization
c. reciprocal determinism
According to Carl Rogers, what term applies to the
collection of beliefs about one's own nature, unique qualities, and typical behaviour?
a. self-efficacy
b. self-concept
c. state of congruence
d. level of self-actualization
According to Albert Bandura's theory of behaviour, what produces characteristic patterns of behaviour?
a. punishment
b. reinforcement
c. imitation
d. unconscious motivation
What did Abraham Maslow call the need to fulfill one's potential?
a. need for affiliation
b. need for achievement
c. need for self-actualization
d. need for power
c. need for self-actualization
In Maslow's hierarchy of needs, what are
considered first priority needs?
a. physiological needs
b. safety and security needs
c. aesthetic and cognitive needs
d. self actualization needs
Herman wants to be the very best ballet dancer that he can be, even though his family and most of his friends have ridiculed his goal. He is not interested in money or fame but in dancing as well as he can and challenging himself in every way he can. According to
Maslow, what need is Herman striving to meet?
a. safety and security
b. belongingness and love
c. self-actualization
d. esteem
What term is used to refer to an appreciation of an individual's unique qualities, including their freedom and potential for personal growth?
a. factor analysis
b. identification
c. self-efficacy
d. humanism
What single construct is at the centre of Carl Rogers's view of personality structure?
a. the self-concept
b. the ego
c. the environment
d. personality traits
According to Carl Rogers, when does incongruence develop?
a. when the id and the superego are in conflict over how basic needs should be fulfilled
b. when individuals fail to fulfill their potential and meet their need for
self-actualization
c. when an individual fails to behave consistently across various situations
d. when parents make their love conditional on the child meeting their expectations
d. when parents make their love conditional on the child meeting their expectations
What human need was
Abraham Maslow referring to when he said, "What a man can be, he must be"?
a. need for superiority
b. need for unconditional love
c. need for self-actualization
d. need for achievement
c. need for self-actualization
Awed by the grandeur of nature, the hiker experienced a profound
emotional high. What did Maslow call such experiences?
a. peak
b. congruent
c. fixated
d. archetypal
According to Hans Eysenck, which of the following is NOT considered a higher-order trait?
a. neuroticism
b. extraversion
c. psychoticism
d. agreeableness
According to Eysenck's view of personality, what is the characteristic
tendency of an individual who scores low in neuroticism?
a. sensitive and caring
b. stable and relaxed
c. quiet and non-assertive
d. anxious and moody
Which technique is most often used to identify links between genetic heritage and personality traits?
a. genetic mapping
b. magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] scans
c. positron emission tomography [PET] scans
d. twin studies
According to twin studies, how are personality traits determined?
a. by the shared and unshared environments, with the shared environment playing a greater role
b. by both the environment and genetics, with genetics playing a greater role
c. by both the shared and unshared environments, with both playing an equal role
d. by both the environment and genetics, with both playing an equal role
b. by both the environment and genetics, with genetics playing a greater role
Who is most closely associated with the evolutionary approach to personality?
a. David Buss
b. Albert Bandura
c. Abraham Maslow
d. Walter Mischel
Hans Eysenck argued that personality can be described using only three factors. What personality factors did he identify?
a. sensitivity, extraversion, and imagination
b. extraversion, neuroticism, and psychoticism
c. openness, agreeableness, and extraversion
d. extraversion, neuroticism, and conscientiousness
b. extraversion, neuroticism, and psychoticism
According to Han Eysenck, what score is likely for someone who is egocentric, impulsive, cold, and antisocial?
a. high in neuroticism
b. high in psychoticism
c. high in extraversion
d. high in introversion
Which technique is most often used to identify links between genetic heritage and personality traits?
a. genetic mapping
b.
magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] scans
c. positron emission tomography [PET] scans
d. twin studies
Which statement is problematic for theorists who support the evolutionary approach to personality?
a. There are a variety of factors that influence personality.
b. Personality has a biological basis that works through natural selection.
c. Various personality traits may contribute to reproductive
fitness in humans.
d. Natural selection has favoured certain traits over the course of human history
a. There are a variety of factors that influence personality.
According to the evolutionary approach, humans have evolved special sensitivity to variations in the ability to cooperate and collaborate
with others. Which of Big Five personality traits is associated with this ability to cooperate?
a. extraversion
b. agreeableness
c. neuroticism
d. conscientiousness
What do Markus and Kitayama argue about American culture?
a. It fosters an independent view of the self.
b. It fosters an interdependent view of the self.
c. It fosters a high level of sensation-seeking.
d. It fosters a
low level of self-monitoring.
a. It fosters an independent view of the self.
According to Markus and Kitayama, how are children from Asian cultures, such as Japan and China, most likely to define themselves?
a. in terms of their personal attributes
b. in terms of their abilities and
accomplishments
c. in terms of their possessions
d. in terms of the groups they belong to
d. in terms of the groups they belong to
As you turn on your radio you catch the last few seconds of an interview. The person being interviewed makes the statement, "You have to stick up for
yourself. After all, the squeaky wheel gets the grease." Based on the work by Markus and Kitayama, what do you conclude about this person's upbringing?
a. He or she had parents who imposed conditions of worth.
b. He or she was raised in an American household.
c. He or she was raised in an Asian household.
d. He or she had a home where there was unconditional love.
b. He or she was raised in an American household.
What are parents in Asian cultures least likely to teach their children?
a. to rely on family and friends
b. to be modest about their personal accomplishments
c. to fit in with others
d. to view themselves as special individuals
d. to view themselves as special individuals
Cross-cultural research suggests there are cultural differences in self-enhancement. Which norm is most consistent with the norm in Western cultures?
a. being more sensitive to negative feedback
b. looking for avenues of improvement
c. seeing oneself as above average
d. reflecting on one's shortcomings
c. seeing oneself as above average
According to Markus and Kitayama, what do Asian cultures, such as Japan and China, foster?
a. an independent view of the self
b. a low level of sensation-seeking
c. a high level of self-monitoring
d. an interdependent view of the self
d. an interdependent view of the self
Compared to Asian children, how are North American children unlikely to define themselves?
a. by their abilities and accomplishments
b. by the groups they belong to
c. by their personal attributes
d. by their possessions
c. by their personal attributes
What can be concluded about cross-cultural differences in the perception of personal characteristics?
a. People from individualistic cultures have less positive self-perceptions.
b. People from individualistic cultures have more positive self-perceptions.
c. People
from collectivistic cultures have more positive self-perceptions.
d. People from collective cultures have more neutral self-perceptions.
b. People from individualistic cultures have more positive self-perceptions.
What are North American parents most likely to teach their children?
a. to
be modest about accomplishments
b. to fit in with other people
c. to feel good about themselves
d. to rely on family and friends
c. to feel good about themselves
Cross-cultural research has suggested there are cultural differences in self-enhancement. Which statement is NOT
consistent with the norms in Asian cultures?
a. People from Asian cultures focus on positive feedback from others.
b. People from Asian cultures are more sensitive to negative feedback.
c. People from Asian cultures are very sensitive to group needs.
d. People from Asian cultures reflect on their own shortcomings.
a. People from Asian cultures focus on positive feedback from others.
Compared to Asian children, how are North American children unlikely to define themselves?
a. by their abilities and accomplishments
b. by the groups they belong to
c. by their personal attributes
d. by their possessions
b. by the groups they belong to
Cross-cultural research has suggested there are cultural differences in self-enhancement. Which statement is NOT consistent with the norms in Asian cultures?
a. People from Asian cultures focus on positive feedback from others.
b. People from Asian cultures are more sensitive to negative feedback.
c. People from Asian cultures are very sensitive to group needs.
d. People from Asian cultures
reflect on their own shortcomings.
a. People from Asian cultures focus on positive feedback from others.
Period of psychosexual development in which sexual pleasure focuses on sexual relations, according to Freud
genital stage [puberty and later]
according to Freud, the decision-making part of personality that operates on the reality principle
according to Freud, the part of personality that represents moral conscience
component of Freud’s personality theory containing primitive drives present at birth
the perception of one's own personality traits
the process of fully developing personal potentials
stable personality characteristic
theory that only a handful of characteristics account for most individual differences in personality
big five personality traits
general pattern of attention, arousal, and mood that is evident from birth
personality tests that use ambiguous or unstructured stimuli
projective test that consists of complex, irregular monochromatic shapes
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
a standardized test designed to identify problem areas of functioning in an individual’s personality
according to Freud, the id’s drive to avoid pain and seek what feels good
according to Freud, the part of personality that represents moral conscience
diverting a thought or behavior from its natural target toward a less threatening one
creating false but plausible excuses to justify unacceptable behavior
keeping distressing thoughts and feelings buried in the unconscious
period of psychosexual development where pleasure focuses on the anus, according to Freud
Anita is 12 years old, yet she still wets her bed at times. Freud might hypothesize that Anita never resolved conflicts at the ______ Blank of psychosexual development.
how Freud classifies a period of development
Penelope sees another girl flirting with her boyfriend and feels the urge to punch her in the face. Instead, she calms herself, walks over to her boyfriend and asks him to spend some time with her. Freud's psychodynamic component that would have mediated between Penelope's impulse to strike out and her choice to act in a more appropriate fashion is called the ______ Blank .
according to Freud, a young boy’s sexual interest in his mother accompanied by competitive
aggression toward his father
Question Mark
Puyol has been exceeding in his last year of high school. He recieves good grades, is the captain of his soccer team, and has been dating his equally successful girlfriend for over a year now. He is happy and ready to take his relationship to the next level. Given Puyol's emotional balance and well-adjusted attitude on his way to college, Freud would argue that he is in the ______ Blank of psychosexual development
Tzu-Ming loves to drink beer. One night at dinner with her friend, the server forgot to bring her beer. After 10 minutes of complaining and remaining thirsty, she reached over and drank her friend's beer instead. According to Freud's psychodynamic perspective, Tzu-Ming's psyche is dominated by the ______ Blank component.
One of Sigmund Freud's youngest patients, a 7-year old boy, displayed intense anxiety over the seemingly real possibility that a donkey might bite off his penis. Given the nature of the boy's anxiety, Freud would have surmised that he was in the ______ Blank of psychosexual development.
When he was a newborn infant, Matt would constantly sleep and he rarely cried. He would smile and laugh frequently with little effort from his parents. Matt's happy, easy going behaviors are a reflection of his positive ______ Blank .
a person’s unique, relatively stable patterns of thinking, emotions, and behavior
diverting a thought or behavior from its natural target toward a less threatening one
Question Mark
freud’s third stage of psychosexual development; here, psychosexual interest focuses on the penis or clitoris