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TR gets laws passed to CONSERVE natural resources from timber & mining industries
1. Big fight between CONSERVATIONISTS and PRESERVATIONISTS [even to this day]
2. Roosevelt's aggressive policies on behalf of conservation contributed to the divide in the party
3. Using executive powers, he restricted private development on millions of
acres of undeveloped government land, most of it in the West, by adding them to the previously modest national forest system
4. When conservatives in Congress restricted his authority over public lands in 1907, Roosevelt and his chief forester, GIFFORD PINCHOT, seized all the forest and many of the water power sites still in the public domain before the bill became law
5. Roosevelt was the first president to take an active interest in the new and struggling American conservation
movement
6. In the early twentieth century, the idea of preserving the natural world for ecological reasons was not well established
7.Instead many people who considered themselves "conservationist" such as Pinchot, the first director of the National Forest Service [which he helped to create] promoted policies to protect land for carefully managed development
8. ROOSEVELT IS A CONSERVATIONIST
9. EXPANDS ACRES OF NATIONAL PARKS SIGNIFICANTLY
a] Under Roosevelt, he expanded the
national parks
b] Roosevelt added significantly to the still-young National Park System, whose purpose was to PROTECT PUBLIC LAND FROM ANY EXPLOITATION OR DEVELOPMENT
c] Congress had created the first national park, Yellowstone, in Wyoming, in 1872 and had authorized others in 1890s: Yosemite and Sequoia in California, and Mount Rainier in Washington State
d] Roosevelt added land to several existing parks and also created new ones: Crater Lake in Oregon,Mesa Verde in Utah, Platt in
Oklahoma, and Wind Cave in South Dakota
10. PASSED THE RECLAMATION ACT UNDER HIM
a] Newlands RECLAMATION ACT; you mess it up, you put it back the way it was.
1. The contending views of the early conservation movement came to a head beginning in 1906 in a sensational controversy over the Hetch Hetchy Valley in Yosemite National Park
2. Hetch Hetchy [a name derived from a local Indian term meaning "grassy meadows"] was a spectacular, high-walled
valley popular with naturalists
3. But many residents of San Francisco, worried about finding enough water to serve their growing population, saw Hetch Hetchy as an ideal place for a damn, which would create a large reservoir for the city, a plan that Muir and others furiously opposed
4. In 1906, San Francisco suffered a devastating earthquake and fire
5. Widespread sympathy for the city strengthened the case for the damn; and Theodore Roosevelt who had initially expressed some
sympathy for Muir's position, turned the decision over to his chief forester, Gifford Pinchot.
6. Pinchot had no interest in Muir's aesthetic and spiritual arguments.
7. He approved construction of the damn
8. For over a decade, a battle raged between naturalists and the advocates of the damn, a battle that consumed the energies of John Muir for the rest of his life and that eventually, many people believed, helped kill him
9. TO Pinchot, there was of question that the needs of
the city were more important than the claims of preservation
10. Muir helped place a referendum question on the ballot in `908, certain that the residents of the city would oppose the project
11. Instead, San Franciscans approved the dam by a huge margin
12 Although there were many more delays in succeeding years, construction of the dam finally began after World War I
13. THis setback for the naturalists was not a total defeat
a] The fight against Hetch Hetchy helped mobilize
a new coalition of people committed to preservation, not "rational use" of wilderness
1. Roosevelt is very popular with the people of the United States, but he decides to retire
2. The Republicans want him to run for reelection, but he refuses
a] choose not to run because he was burned out
3. William Howard Taft, who assumed the presidency in 1909, had been Theodore Roosevelt's most trusted lieutenant and his hand-picked successor; progressive
reformers believed him to be one of their own
a] Taft is the opposite of Roosevelt, but they are close friends
b] He is highly intelligent and is not threatened with Roosevelt or try to compete with Roosevelt
c] But Taft has also been a restrained and moderate jurist, a man with a punctilious regard for legal processes; conservatives expected him to abandon Roosevelt's aggressive use of the presidential powers
d] By seeming acceptable to almost everyone, Taft easily won election
to the White House in 1908
e] He received his party's nomination virtually uncontested
4. His victory in the general election in November, over William Jennings Bryan, running for the Democrats for the 3rd time, was a foregone conclusion
5. Four years later, Taft would leave office the most decisively defeated president of the twentieth century, his party deeply divided and the government in the hands of a Democratic administration for the first time in twenty years
1. Many progressives had been unhappy when Taft replaced Roosevelt's secretary of the interior, James R. Garfield, an aggressive conservationist, with Richard A. Ballinger, a conservative corporate lawyer
2. Suspicion of Ballinger grew when he attempted to invalidate Roosevelt's removal of nearly 1 million acres of forests and mineral reserves from private development
3. In the midst of this mounting concern, LOUIS GLAVIS, an Interior Department investigator,
charged Ballinger with having once connived to turn over valuable public syndicate for personal profit
a] Glavis took the evidence to Gifford Pinchot, still head of the Forest Service and a critic of Ballinger's policies
b] Pinchot took the charges to the president
c] Taft investigated them AND DECIDED THEY WERE GROUNDLESS
d] But Pinchot was not satisfied, particularly after Taft fired Glavis for his part in the episode
5. He leaked the story to the press and asked Congress
to investigate the scandal
a] The president discharged Pinchot for insubordination
b] The Congressional committee appointed to study the controversy, dominated by Old Guard Republicans, exonerated Ballinger
c] But progressives throughout the country supported Pinchot
d] The controversy aroused as much public passion as any dispute of its time and when it was over, Taft had alienated the supporters of Roosevelt completely and it seemed irrevocably
1.
the congressional elections of 1910 provided further evidence of how far the progressive revolt had spread
2. In primary elections, conservative Republicans suffered defeat after defeat while almost all the progressive incumbents were reelected
3. In the general election, the Democrats who were now offering progressive candidates of their own, won control of the House of Representatives for the first time in 16 years and gained strength in the Senate
4. But Roosevelt still denied any
presidential ambitious and claimed that his real purpose was to pressure Taft to return to progressive policies
5. TWO EVENTS CHANGED HIS MIND:
a] the first, in October 1911, WAS THE ANNOUNCEMENT BY THE ADMINISTRATION OF A SUIT AGAINST U.S. STELL, which charged among other things that the 1907 acquisition of the Tennessee Coal and Iron Company had been illegal
b] Roosevelt had approved that acquisition in the midst of the 1907 panic and he was enraged by the implication that he had
acted improperly
c] Roosevelt was still reluctant to become a candidate for president because Senator Robert La Follette, the great Wisconsin progressive, had been working since 1911 to secure the presidential nominations for himself
d] BUT LA FOLLETTES CANDIDACY STUMBLED IN FEBRUARY 1912, WHEN EXHAUSTED AND DISTRAUGHT OVER THE ILLNESS OF A DAUGHTER, HE APPEARED TO SUFFER A NERVOUS BREAKDOWN DURING A SPEECH IN PHILADELPHIA
e] Roosevelt announced his candidacy on February
22
BULL MOOSE PARTY and it splits the G.O.P. [Grand Ol' Party; Republicans]
1. At a rally the night before the convention opened, Roosevelt addressed 5,000 cheering supporters and the new day, he led is supporters out of the convention and out of the party
2. The convention then quietly nominated Taft on the first ballot
3. Roosevelt summoned the supporters back to Chicago in August for another convention, this one to launch the new Progressive
Party and nominate himself as its presidential candidate
4. Roosevelt approach the battle feeling, as he put it, "fit as a bull moose", thus giving his new party a enduring nickname
5. the BULL MOOSE PARTY WAS NOTABLE FOR ITS STRONG COMMITMENT TO A WIDE RANGE OF PROGRESSIVE CAUSES THAT HAD GROWN IN POPULARITY OVER THE PREVIOUS TWO DECADES
6. The party advocated additional regulation of industry and trusts, sweeping reforms of many areas of government, compensation by the government
for workers injured on the job, pensions for the elderly and for widows with children, ad alone among the major parties woman suffrage
7. The delegates left the party's convention filled with hope and excitement
8. Roosevelt himself entered the fall campaign aware that his cause was almost hopeless, partly because many of the insurgents who had supported him during the primaries refused to follow him out of the Republican Party
a] His pessimism was also a result of the man the
Democrats had nominated for president, Woodrow Wilson
b] They were both Republicans, they split their votes and Wilson was able to take the majority
A REGULATORY AGENCY THAT WOULD HELP BUSINESSES DETERMINE IN ADVANCE WHETHER THEIR ACTIONS WOULD BE ACCEPTABLE TO THE GOVERNMENT
1. In 1914, turning to the central issue of his 1912 campaign, Wilson proposed two measures to deal with the problem of monopoly
2. In the process he revealed how his own
approach to the issue was beginning to change
3. There was a proposal to create a federal agency through which the government would help business police itself, a regulatory commission of the type Roosevelt had advocated in 1912.
4. There were also proposals to strengthen the government's ability to break up trusts, a decentralizing approach characteristic of Wilson's 1912 campaign
5. The two measures took shape as the Federal Trade Commission Act and the Clayton Antitrust Act
6.
The agency would also have authority to launch prosecutions against unfair trade practices and it would have wide power to investigate corporate behavior
7. Wilson signed the Federal Trade Commission Bill Happily, but he seemed to lose interest in the Clayton Antitrust Bill and did little to protect it from conservative assaults, which greatly weakened it
8. The future, he had apparently decided, lay with government supervision
THE JOB OF THE FTC:
1. FAIR TRADE PRACTICES REGULATED
a] They make sure that businesses are following laws to prevent unfair advantages
b] Breaking the rules cost the companies millions of dollars
c] FTC investigation does damage to a company's' stock [another incentive to follow the rules]
2. Protect consumers from business and business from business abuse
a] They break up the monopolies, but they also need to regulate business as well because they are all being unfair out of competition
b] FTC is created to protect customers
from direct abuse from a company [accidental or on purpose]
regulate products to protect individuals
3. Protects competition to also protect businesses from each other
a] protects companies so everyone gets a fair shot
protecting egaltarianism and equal protection under the law [fair play]
b] bait and switch: an unfair trade practice, but offering an incredible deal to get you into the store and then sell you something more expensive
unfair trade practice because it is
taking advantage of ignorant customers
c] If companies are reported to the FTC, they have to spend money to defend yourself from the charges brought up
d] If the company is found guilty of the violation, they have to pay a huge fine or a warning
e] Either way, the government is using their power to take money
d] less freedom or protection
THE CENTRAL BANK OF THE U.S.
a] has 12 district banks, most in the northeast because they are the most
populated and biggest cities [most money, businesses, and banks are]
b] The Fed is a main bank, but they have 12 branches
c] The federal government can borrow money from the Fed and they pay it back with money from the treasury bonds
d] They loan money to other banks at a prime rate [which controls the interest rates that the banks charge the people]
e] Its job is to control interest rate:
1. Interest is the cost of borrowing money
pay back more money that you borrow
because it cost money to borrow it
2. THE BANK'S BANK
3. IT IS A RESERVE [NOT THE TREASURY] IT IS THE BANK'S BANK
a] it is also the large corporations' banks
the Fed loans the money out and the banks/corporations give the money to us, who circulated it
b] Wilson held Congress in session through the summer to work on a major reform of the American c] Banking system: THE FEDERAL RESERVE ACT, which Congress passed and the president signed on December 23, 1913
4. It created
the Federal reserve System
a] It created twelve regional banks, each to be owned and controlled by the individual banks of its district
b] The regional Federal Reserve banks would hold a certain percentage of the assets of their member banks in reserve; they would use those reserves to support loans to private banks at an interests [or discount] rate that the Federal Reserve system would set; they would issue a new type of paper currency- FEDERAL RESERVE NOTES THAT WOULD BECOME THE
NATION'S BASIC MEDIUM OF TRADE AND WOULD BE BACKED BY THE GOVERNMENT
c] Most important, THEY WOULD BE ABLE TO SHIFT FUNDS QUICKLY TO TROUBLED AREAS TO MEET INCREASED DEMANDS FOR CREDIT OR TO PROTECT IMPERILED BANKS
d] Supervising and regulating the entire system was a national Federal Reserve Board, whose members were appointed by the president and approved by the Senate
e] Nearly half of the nation's banking resources were represented in the system within a year, and f] 80% by the
late 1920s
g] Bankers, traditional, are considered a necessary evil
h] they are powerful because they have control over money
i] Banks lend money and provide a place to store and save money that was easier to access
j] they were corrupt and would charge too high interest rates in order to prevent the person from being able to pay back the loan
k] Wilson had a hatred for the banking system, so his administration made the FED
PURPOSE:
1. REGULATION OF THE BANKING SYSTEM
OR THE FINANCIAL SYSTEM
a] regulate the loaning of money
2. CONTROL OF CIRCULATION OF CURRENCY IS CONTROLLED BY LOANING OR NOT LOANING MONEY TO BANKS, WHO THEN LOAN IT TO PEOPLE/BUSINESSES
a] banks would cause inflation or a depression on purpose
b] Wilson wanted to keep the money circulating at a more controlled pace
c] before the banks would create panic and disaster
3. PRIME RATE OF INTEREST IS SET BY THE FED
a] Sets the price to borrow money
1. By the fall of 1914, Wilson believed that the program of the New Freedom was essentially complete and that agitation for reform would now subside
2. He refused to support the movement for national woman suffrage
3. Deferring to southern Democrats, and reflecting his own southern background, he condoned the reimposition of segregation in the agencies of the federal government [in contrast to Roosevelt, who had ordered the elimination of many such barriers]
4. When
congressional progressive attempted to enlist his support for new reform legislation, Wilson dismissed their proposals as unconstitutional or unnecessary
5. The congressional elections of 1914, however, shattered the president's complacency
6. Democrats suffered major losses in Congress and voters who in 1912 had supported the Progressive Party began returning to the Republicans
7. Wilson would not be able to rely on a divided opposition when he ran for reelection in 1916
8. By the
end of 1915, therefore, Wilson had begun to support a second flurry of reforms
9. In January 1916, he appointed Louis Brandeis to the Supreme Court, making him the first Jew and the most advanced progressive to serve there
later he supported a measure to make it easier for farmers to receive credit and one creating a system of worker' compensation for federal employees
1. Austrian-Hungarian faction favored annexing Serbia in THE BALKANS [already had
neighboring Bosnian
2. Serbian nationalists BLACK HAND assassinated Archduke Francis Ferdinand
a] SARAJEVO BOSNIA
b] On June 28, 1914, the Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austrian-Hungarian throne was assassinated while paying a state visit to Sarajevo
c] Sarajevo was the capital of Bosnia, a province of the Austria-Hungary that Slavic nationalists wished to annex to neighboring Servia, the archduke's assassin was a Serbian nationalist
3. Alliances kick in. War on:
1914-1918
a] The local controversy quickly escalated through the workings of the system of alliances that the great powers had constructed
b] With the support from Germany, Austria-Hungary launched a punitive assault on Serbia
c] The Serbians called on Russia to help with their defense
d] The Russians began mobilizing their army on July 30
e] Things quickly careened out of control
f] By August 3, German had declared war on both Russia and France and had invaded Belgium in
preparation for a thrust across the French border
h] On August 4, Great Britain, ostensibly to honor its alliance with France, but more importantly to blunt the advance of its principal rival, declared war on Germany, Russia, and the Austro-Hungarian Empire formally began hostilities on August 6
i] Italia, although an ally of Germany in 1914 remained neutral at first and later entered the war on the side of the British and French
j] The Ottoman Empire [centered in Turkey] and other
smaller nations, all joined the fighting later in 1914 or in 1915
k] Within less than a year, virtually the entire European continent and part of Asia were embroiled in a catastrophic war
l] Europe is in World War I [called the Great War]
ISOLATIONISM [to events in Europe is the majority-Monroe Doctrine]
1. The majority of the people are isolationist
2. This is a result of the Monroe Doctrine
3. The united States is not involved in the war
and we do not want to be
4. Wilson called on his fellow citizens in 1914 to remain impartial, but that was an impossible task for several reasons
a] Some Americans sympathized with the German cause [German Americans because of affection for Germany, Irish Americans because of hatred with Britain]
b] Many more including Wilson sympathized with Britain
c] Wilson himself was only one of many Americans who fervently admired England, its traditions, its culture, its political
system
d] almost instinctively these Americans attributed to the cause of the Allies [Britain, France, Italy, and Russia], a moral quality that they denied the Central Powers [Germany, the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and the Ottoman Empire]
e] Lurid reports of German atrocities in Belgium and France skillfully exaggerated by British propagandists, strengthened the hostility of many Americans toward Germany
Both sides hinder trade with blockades, sinking
cargo ships and seizing cargo from ships
1. Economic realities also made it impossible for the United States to deal with the belligerents on equal terms
2. The British had imposed a naval blockade on Germany to prevent munitions and supplies from reaching the enemy
3. WILSON: NEUTRAL
a] Wilson does not use the word Isolation because it means that we should not be selling to anyone else
b] Neutral means I do not take sides
c] both the central powers and the allies want the
United States to pick a side
d] It is safer for the United States to stay out [choose neutral]
e] Both sides say that the United States is not neutral
4. RIGHTS, FREEDOM OF THE SEAS
a] We felt that since we were not taking sides, our ships should go wherever in the world without interference
b] As a neutral, the United States had the right to trade with both Britain and Germany, but for Americans to trade with Germany, they would have to defy the British blockade
c] A
truly neutral response to the blockade would have been TO STOP TRADING WITH BRITAIN AS WELL, BUT WHILE THE UNITED STATES COULD SURVIVE AN INTERRUPTION OF ITS MODEST TRADE WITH THE CENTRAL POWERS, IT COULD NOT EASILY WEATHER AN EMBARGO ON ITS MUCH MORE EXTENSIVE TRADE WITH THE ALLIES, particularly when war orders from Britain and France soared after 1914, helping to produce one of the greatest economic booms in the nation's history
d] SO AMERICA TACITLY IGNORED THE BLOCKADE OF GERMANY AND
CONTINUED TRADING WITH BRITAIN
e] By 1915, the United States had gradually transformed itself from a neutral power into the arsenal of the Allies
5. KAISER WILHELM; CAN'T HAVE YOUR CAKE AND EAT IT TOO
a] Tells Wilson that we can not have it both ways
b] The French and the British feel the same way
c] We go to war against Germany
6. UK and French pressure to join Allies
7. We are stuck in the middle
HE KEPT US OUT OF WAR"
a] 2nd year
of the war, Wilson has to run for reelection
b] His supporters wore the buttons that said that Wilson kept us out of the war
but everyone knew that we would end up in the war
c] WILSON WAS TOLD TO ORDER ALL TRADE TO CEASE AND ORDER ALL SHIPS TO PORT, BUT WILSON REFUSES
1. Despite the president's increasing bellicosity in 1916, he was still far from ready to commit the United States to war
2. One obstacle was American domestic politics
a] Facing a difficult battle for
reelection, Wilson could not ignore the powerful factions that continued to oppose intervention
3.The question of whether America should make military and economic preparations for war provided the first issue over which pacifists and interventionists could openly debate
a] Wilson at first sided with the anti preparedness forces, denouncing the idea of an American military buildup as needless and provocative
b] As tensions between the United States and German grew, he changed his
mind
c] In the fall of 1915, he endorsed an ambitious proposal for a large and rapid increase in the nation's armed forces
d] Amid expressions of outrage from pacifists in Congress and elsewhere, he worked hard to win approval of it, even embarking on a national speaking tour early in 1916 to arouse support for the proposal
4. Still the peace faction wielded considerable political strength as became clear at the Democratic Convention in the summer of 1916
a] The convention became
especially enthusiastic when the keynote speaker punctuated his list of Wilson's diplomatic achievements with a chant saying that Wilson kept America out of the war
that speech helped produce one of the most prominent slogans of Wilson's reelection campaign b] "He kept us out of war"
c] During the campaign, Wilson did nothing to discourage those who argued that the Republican candidate, the progressive New York governor Charles Evans Hughes [supported by the bellicose Theodore
Roosevelt], was more likely than he to lead the nation into war
5. And when pro-war rhetoric became particularly heated, Wilson spoke definitely of the nation being: "IT IS POSSIBLE FOR A NATION TO BE TOO PROUD TO FIGHT"
a] Wilson wondered if his own pride to not fight is a virtue [I won't harm or send others to be harmed]
questioning if it is better if they do fight
b] Wilson IDEALISM
c] U.S. stood for justice, truth, moral high ground, LIGHT TO THE WORLD on how to act, lead
by example, etc.
6. Wilson ultimately won reelection by a small margin; fewer than 600,000 popular votes and only 23 electoral votes
a] The Democrats retained a precarious control over Congress
U.S. STOOD FOR JUSTICE, TRUTH, MORAL HIGH GROUND, LIGHT TO THE WORLD ON HOW TO ACT, LEAD BY EXAMPLE
Light of the world: the us should be the light to the world and stand for justice
a] Wilson idealism further as a progressive, war might be a vehicle of
change in the world; NEW WORLD ORDER led by
b] American values/Progressive values of common good, justice, right and freedom
c] Idealism: he believes that right and good are always possible even in the worse circumstances
d] always giving people the benefit of the doubt and looking for the positive
believes the government can make things better
believes government is the solution to all problems- progressive
1. The election was behind him, and tensions between the United
States and Germany remained high
2. But Wilson still required a justification for American intervention that would unite public opinion and satisfy his own sense of morality
3. In the end, he created that rationale himself that the United States had no material aims in the conflict, but the nation was committed to using the war as a vehicle for constructing a new world order, one based on some of the same progressive ideals that had motivated reform in America
4. As it becomes more
obvious that we are not going to avoid the war, he changes his view and decides that war can be a vehicle to achieve good
this is where it goes wrong in history that people believe that war is the solution
5. He is rationalizing it
realizes that the public support for the war is going to out strength him and that he has to take control and spin it in a certain way and it will be for good
6. He does not want the war to happen, but he is enough of a realist to know that he has to
find a way to set up a new world order because the old world powers are destroying each other
7. AMERICAN PROGRESSIVISM ALL OVER THE WORLD
8. The United States will be able to imprint America's values and give it to the world and recreate it in his image
9. HIS SHIFT CONTINUES BEGINS TO FORMULATE HIS 14 POINTS
a] In a speech before Congress in January 1917, he presented a plan for a postwar order in which the United States would help maintain peace through permanent league of
nations, a peace that would ensure self-determination for all nations, a peace without victory
b] These were, Wilson believed goals worth fighting for if there was sufficient provocation
c] He shifts to get involved
b] He mails to Europe his 14 points to give them American values
c] HE WANTS TO END ALL WARS FOREVER
10. PEACE without VICTORY was suggested to all combatants and rejected universally
a] Peace without victory: No body dominates so the world will be peacefully
because their will be no hate
b] The winner will not punish and the loser will not want revenge
c] Future peace will be jeopardized because the winner is punishing the loser
d] He is trying to get everyone to quit and not claim that they won so nobody wants revenge
idealism
e] he sees that it is going to happen, but it does not happen
f] The other countries tell him to go away because their citizens and soldiers all died defending their nation
they want to win
g] HE
IS A DREAMER
11. ONCE HE REALIZES THAT HE WILL BE FORCED INTO WAR, HE TURNS HIS IDEALISM INTO A PURPOSE TO MAKE THE WORLD A BETTER PLACE [have a purpose for killing Americans]
a] If America helped win the war, we will dictate the peace and can rebuild the war in America's image.
b] Government can be used for the common good, and he believes that he can make the outcome positive to an awful situation
1. part of Wilson's idealism
2. PEACE without
VICTORY was suggested to all combatants and rejected universally
3. U.S. lead a peacekeeping LEAGUE OF NATIONS [no more secret alliances]
a] League of Nation will end all war
b] He did not invent the concept of getting everyone to talk so they would not fight so much
c] He sees that he can take WWI to form this league of nation
d] This is will truly be the war to end all wars
4. Free seas
a] with the exception if the whole league decides that the individual country
needs straightened out
b] The right to use the seas without individual countries taking it away from them
5. SELF-DETERMINATION
6. ARMS REDUCTIONS
a] a reduction of military power
7. Increased freedom for colonies
a] The war started in Bosnia, a colony of Austria-Hungary because the Serbies were being abused
b] If there is no more revolting if there is no more colonies
c] WILSON THOUGHT THE MOMENT OF CHANGE WAS NOW, BUT HE WAS WRONG
8. ALL OF THESE ELIMINATE
ALL FOUR CAUSES OF WORLD WAR I
9. on January 8, 1918, Wilson appeared before Congress to present the principles for which he claimed the nation was fighting
10. The war aims had 14 distinct provisions, widely knowns as the 14 points, but they fell into three broad categories:
a] first wilson's proposals contained eight specific recommendations for adjusting postwar boundaries and for establishing new nations to replace the defunct Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman Empires
b] Those
recommendations reflected his beliefs in the rights of all peoples to self determination
c] Second, there were five general principles to govern international conduct in the future: freedom of the seas, open covenants instead of secret treaties, reductions in armaments, free trade, and impartial mediation of colonial claims
d] Finally, there was a proposal for a league of nations that would help implement these new principles and territorial adjustments and resolve future
controversies
1. On the rainy evening of April , two weeks after German submarines had torpedoed three American ships, Wilson appeared before joint session of Congress and asked for a declaration of war
2. "It is a fearful thing to lead this great peaceful people into war, into the most terrible and disastrous of all wars, civilization itself seeming to be in the balance. But the right is more precious than the peace and we shall fight for the things we
have always carried nearest to our hearts-"
a] the right is more precious than the peace- doing the right thing means doing awful things
3. "for democracy, the right of those who submit to authority to have a voice in their own Governments,
MAKE THE WORLD SAFE FOR DEMOCRACY!"
a] Russia is now a republic - Russian Revolution
b] the right to self determination and democracy, and popular sovereignty, no more empires and monarchies [Germany, Austria-Hungary, and ottoman empire is
trying to take over the democratic Britain and France]
c] He could not make the democracy the reason because we would be saving the Russian monarchy, but then the Russian Revolution happens and forms a Russia republic [for the moment] and the United States can now enter the war TO DEFEND THE DEMOCRACIES AND SMALL NATIONS OF EUROPE [Bosnia, Serbia, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria]
4. For the rights and liberties of small nations in Europe
5. The United States was also going to money because
the industrialist were losing money and the banks of the United States had given a lot of money to Britain and France and if they lose, the U.S. will have a huge depression because we will not get the money back
we do not get the money back anyway
a] For Wilson, he is trying to save people from poverty [losing jobs], prevent a depression, and to spread the American way of democracy to everyone
b] After Wilson left office, the random people that worked in the White House, told
historians and newspapers and they would spot Wilson praying in a dark, empty room in the middle of the night
1. Armies on both sides in Europe were decimated and exhausted by the time of Woodrow Wilson's declaration of war
2. The German offensive of early 1917 had failed to produce an end to the struggle, and French and British counter offensive had accomplished little beyond adding to the casualties
3. The Allies looked to the United States for
help
Wilson, who had called on the nation to wage war was ready to oblige
4. By the spring of 1917, Great Britain was suffering such vast losses from attacks by German submarines, one of every four ships setting sail from British ports never returned that its ability to continue receiving vital supplies from across the Atlantic was in question
5. Within weeks of joining the war, a fleet of American destroyers began aiding the British navy in its assault on German submarines
a]
Other American warships escorted merchant vessels across the Atlantic
b] Americans also helped sow anti submarine mines in the North Sea
6. The results were dramatic
Sinkings of Allied ships had totaled nearly 900,000 tons in April 1917, by December, the figure had dropped to 350,000 and by October 1918 to 112,000
a] The cowboys also helped the United States protect its own soldiers en route to Europe
b] No American troop ship was lost at sea in World War I
7. Many
Americans had hoped that providing naval assistance alone would be enough to turn the tide in the war, but it quickly became clear that American ground forces would also be necessary to shore up the tottering Allies
a] Britain and France had few remaining reserves
b] By early 1918, Russia had withdrawn from the war
c] After the Bolshevik Revolution in November 1917, the new government led by V.I. Lenin negotiated a hasty and costly peace with the Central Powers, thus freeing additional
German troops to fight on the western front
1. In respects, the AEF was the most diverse fighting force the United States had ever assembled
2. for the first time, women were permitted to enlist in the military more than ten thousand in the navy and a few hundred in the marines
a]They were not allowed to participate in combat, but they served auxiliary roles in hospitals and offices
3. Nearly 400,000 African American soldiers enlisted in or were
drafted into the army and navy as well [the marines would not accept them]
a] And while most of them performed menial tasks on military bases in the United States, more than 50,000 went to France
b] African American soldiers served in segregated, all-black units under white commanders, and even in Europe most of them were assigned to non combat duty
c] But some black units fought valiantly in the great offensives of 1918
d] Most African American soldiers learned to live with the
racism they encountered in part because they hoped their military service would ultimately improve their status
but a few responded to provocations violently
e] In August 191, a group of black soldiers in Houston, subjected to continuing abuse by people in the community, used military weapons to kill seventeen whites
f] Thirteen African American soldiers were hanged and another forty were sentenced to life terms in military jails
4. Having assembled this first genuinely national
army, the War Department permitted the American Psychological Association to study it
the psychologists gave thousands of soldiers new tests designed to measure intelligence; the Intelligence Quotient or IQ test and other newly designed aptitude test.
a] In facts, the tests were less effective in measuring intelligence than in measuring education; and they reflected the educational expectations of the white middle class people who had devised them
b] Half the whites and the vast
majority of the African Americans taking the test scored at levels that classified them as morons
c] In reality, most of them were simply people who had not had much access to education
1. One of the most important social changes of the war years was the migration of hundreds of thousands of African Americans from the rural South into northern industrial cities
2. It became known as the "Great Migration"
3. NORTERN FACTORY OWNERS SENT AGENTS TO THE
SOUTH TO RECRUIT AFRICAN AMERICANS WITH THE PROMISE OF BETTER PAY
a] The push was the poverty, indebtedness, racism, and violence many black men and women experienced in the South
b] The pull was the prospect of factory jobs in the urban North and the opportunity to live in communities where blacks could enjoy more freedom and autonomy
c] In the labor-scarce economy of the war years, northern factory owners dispatched agents to the South to recruit African American workers
d]
Black newspapers advertised the prospects for employment in the North
e] And perhaps most important, those opportunities they encountered which explains the heavy concentration of migrants from a single area of the South in certain cities in the North
f] Factory owners sent recruiters in the south
g] African Americans were not drafted into the war as nearly as much as Whites
Recruiters offered better pay 4. In Chicago, for example, the more that 70,000 new black residents came
disproportionately from a few areas of Alabama and Mississippi
a] The results was a dramatic growth in black population
5. RACISM STRIFE IN MANY NORTHERN AREAS FACING AFRICAN AMERICAN INFLUX NEW TO THEM
a] The result was a dramatic growth in black communities in northern industrial cities such as New York, Chicago, Cleveland and Detroit
b] Some older, more established African American residents of these cities were unsettled by these new arrivals, with their country ways and their
revivalist religion; many people in the existing African American communities considered the newcomers coarse and feared that their presence would increase their own vulnerability to white racism
c] But the movement could not be stopped
d] The White people in the North did not like the new number of African Americans in the North
e] They now had all of the immigrant groups and the African Americans to be racists too
6. New churches sprang up in black neighborhoods in ghettos
[many of them simple storefronts, from which self-proclaimed preachers
searched for congregations]
a] African American churches sprang up in the North because:
A] They get to be around people like them to give each other hope and comfort
B] It provides a refuge
C] They are discriminated against in the white churches so they need a place of their own
D] were not accepted [the not like me situation again]
E] not welcomed
F] Church is for peace from racism and they
needed a break from the racism
7. Low-pad black workers crowded into inadequate housing
a] As the black communities expanded, they inevitably began to rub up against white neighborhoods, with occasionally violent results
b] In East St. Louis, Illinois, a white mob attacked a black neighborhood on July 2, 1917, burned down many houses and shot the residents of some of them as they fled
c] As many as forty African Americans died
1. Government
leaders, and many others realized that public sentiment about american involvement in the war had been deeply divided before April 1917 and remained so even after the declaration of war
2. The peace movement in the United States before 1917 had many constituencies: German Americans, Irish Americans, religious pacifists [Quakers, Mennonites and others], intellectuals and groups on the left such as the Socialist Party and the Industrial Workers of the World, all of whom considered the war a
meaningless battle among capitalists nations for commercial supremacy, an opinion many others, in American and Europe, later came to share
3. But the most active and widespread peace activism came from the women's movement
a] In 1915, Carrie Chapman Catt, a leader of the fight for woman suffrage, helped create the Woman's Peace Party, with a small but active membership
b] As the war in Europe intensified, the party's efforts to keep the United States from intervening grew
c]
Women peace activists were sharply divided once America entered the war in 1917
d] The National American Woman Suffrage Association, the largest women's organization, supported the war and more than that presented itself as a patriotic organization dedicated to advancing the war effort
e] Its membership grew dramatically as a result
Catt, who was among those who abandoned the peace cause, now began calling for woman suffrage as a war measure to ensure that women [whose work was
essential to the war effort] would feel fully a part of the nation
f] But many other women refused to support the war even after April 1917
g] Among them were Jane Addams, who was widely reviled as a result, and Charlotte Perkins Gilman, a leading feminist activist
h] Women peace activists shared many of the same objections to the war as did the members of the Socialist Party [to which some of them belonged ]
4. But some criticized the war on other grounds as well, arguing that as
the mother half of humanity, they had a special moral and material basis for their pacifism
Suppression of DISSIDENTS and PROPAGANDA; [the art of selling the war]
a] As soon as the war broke out, the government wanted everybody speaking positively about the war and not have people speaking out against it
b] Pacifist and socialist, communist, and anarchist argued that THE WAR IS BEING FOUGHT FOR THE INDUSTRIALIST
A] Men are being killed or wounded
so the industrialist can make money
B] This is why you should not support the war
1. PRO-WAR PROPAGANDA
a] Put out pro-war poster designed to make the enemy look bad and get you to support the war [by joining the military or help with the war effort]
b] Nevertheless, government leaders [and many others] remained deeply concerned about the significant minorities who continued to oppose the war even after the United States entered the conflict
many believed that a crucial
prerequisite for victory was an energetic, even coercive, effort to unite public opinion behind the military effort
c] Uncle Sam
d] Portraying the enemy as an animal [the enemy is going to come and take your woman, the enemy is going to rape their women and get them pregnant and there is nothing the men can do to stop them],
e] playing on a man's manhood and a woman's compassion in the propaganda
2. CHILDREN RECYCLING FOR THE WAR EFFORT
a] Children raised money for war bonds in
their schools .
b] Schools were encouraging kids to collect scrap iron for the war effort
3. PRAYER VIGILS TO PRAY FOR WAR WAS ENCOURAGED a] Churches hold prayer vigils to call for God to defend our troops and protect them
b] Churches included prayers for the president and the troops in their services
c] And the war also gave a large boost to the wave of religious revivalism that had been growing for a decade before 1917, revivalism, in turn became a source of support for the war
d] Bill Sunday, the leading revivalist of his time, dropped his early opposition to intervention in 1917 and became a fervent champion of the American military effort
4. COMMITTEE ON PUBLIC INFORMATION; POSTERS ALL OVER THE PLACE; PROPAGANDA
5. Self-censorship of newspapers, reprinting government propaganda about the war effort
6. ESPIONAGE ACT to suppress DISSIDENTS
1. Socialist Schenck, trying to dissuade sign-ups for selective service and
volunteers at recruiting stations
a] Schenck was a known socialist, standing out in front of the war volunteers telling them to not sign up [because he wanted to the war to end and if the government did not have enough soldiers the war would end]
b] He was arrested and he claimed that he had free speech and free political expression
2. Claimed free speech to Supreme Court
3. CLEAR and PRESENT DANGER, not protected speech.
a] 1st time free speech was openly suppressed in
American History
c] Clear and Present: common sense, not a mistake, you will know not to do it. The Damager has to be immediate, not in the future
c] the danger has to be an immediate threat and be so obvious that everyone knows it is wrong
d] You do not get to say anything you want to say because it can cause problems
4. Justice Holmes changes his opinions slightly later on, but he rights the majority opinion: "The most stringent protection of free speech would not protect a man
in falsely shouting fire in a theatre and causing a panic. The question in every case is whether the words used are used in such circumstances and are of such a nature as to create a clear and present danger that they will bring about the substantive evils that Congress has a right to prevent"
a] The hearing does not come out until after the war was over
Schenck was putting the men overseas in clear and present danger because they're lives are being put in danger
b] Holmes went to
clarification that you have the right to do what you want, until it is forcing your beliefs onto someone else that harms the other person
5. THE ESPIONAGE AND SEDITION ACT IS THE FIRST TIME THAT FREE SPEECH, PRESS, AND POLITICAL EXPRESSION HAD BEEN SUPPRESSED
a] The United States get away with suppressing people's liberties with the elastic clause
6. Schenck goes to prison
Holmes decides later that we have to be clear on how we enforce this
1.
State and local governments, corporations, universities, and private citizens contributed as well to the climate of repression
2. Vigilante mobs sprang up to "discipline" those who dared challenge the war
a] A dissident Protestant clergyman in Cincinnati was pulled from his bed one night by a mob, dragged to a nearby hillside and whipped in the name of the women and children of Belgium
b] An IWW organizer in Montana was seized by a mob and hanged from a railroad bridge
3. A
cluster of citizens' groups emerged to mobilize respectable members of their communities to root out disloyalty
a] The American Protective League, probably the largest of such groups, enlisted the services of 250,000 people, who served as agents prying into the activities and thoughts of their neighbors, opening mail, tapping telephones and in general attempting to impose unity of opinion on their communities
b] It received government funds to support its work
Attorney General Thomas
W. Gregory, a particularly avid supporter of repressing dissent, described the league and similar organizations approvingly as patriotic organizations
c] Other vigilante organizations, the National Security League, the Boy Spies of America, the American Defense Society performed much the same function
4. There were many victims of such activities: socialists, labor activists, female pacifists
WORLD HISTORY
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WORLD HISTORY
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WORLD HISTORY
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WORLD HISTORY
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