An analogy in which the two cases being compared are not essentially alike.
Giving undivided attention to a speaker in a genuine effort to understand the speaker's point of view. Show
ad hominemA fallacy that attacks the person rather than dealing with the real issue in dispute. adrenalineA hormone released into the bloodstream in response to physical or mental stress. after-dinner speechA speech to entertain that makes a thoughtful point about its subject in a light-hearted manner. alliterationRepetition of the initial consonant sound of close or adjoining words. analogical reasoningReasoning in which a speaker compares two similar cases and infers that what is true for the first case is also true for the second. animationThe way objects enter and/or exit a PowerPoint slide. antithesisThe juxtaposition of contrasting ideas, usually in parallel structure. appreciative listeningListening for pleasure or enjoyment. articulationWords that refer to ideas or concepts. atlasA book of maps. attitudeA frame of mind in favor of or opposed to a person, policy, belief, institution, etc. audience-centerednessKeeping the audience foremost in mind at every step of speech preparation and presentation. bandwagonA fallacy which assumes that because something is popular, it is therefore good, correct, or desirable. bar graphA graph that uses vertical or horizontal bars to show comparisons among two or more items. bibliographyA list of all the sources used in preparing a speech. Bill of RightsThe first ten amendments to the United States Constitution. biographical aidA reference work that provides information about people. bookmarkA feature in a Web browser that stores links to Web sites so they can be easily revisited. brainstormingA method of generating ideas by free association of words and thoughts. brief exampleA specific case referred to in passing to illustrate a point. burden of proofThe obligation facing a persuasive speaker to prove that a change from current policy is necessary. call numberA number used in libraries to classify books and periodicals and to indicate where they can be found on the shelves. catalogueA listing of all the books, periodicals, and other resources owned by a library. causal orderA method of speech organization in which the main points show a cause-effect relationship. causal reasoningReasoning that seeks to establish the relationship between causes and effects. central ideaA one-sentence statement that sums up or encapsulates the major ideas of a speech. channelThe means by which a message is communicated. chartA visual aid that summarizes a large block of information, usually in list form. chronological orderA method of speech organization in which the main points follow a time pattern. clich�A trite or overused expression. clip artPictures and symbols that represent common objects, processes, and ideas. clutterDiscourse that takes many more words than are necessary to express an idea. commemorative speechA speech that pays tribute to a person, a group of people, an institution, or an idea. comparisonA statement of the similarities among two or more people, events, ideas, etc. comparative advantages orderA method of organizing persuasive speeches in which each main point explains why a speaker's solution to a problem is preferable to other proposed solutions. comprehensive listeningListening to understand the message of a speaker. conceptA belief, theory, idea, notion, principle, or the like. concrete wordsWords that refer to tangible objects. connectiveA word or phrase that connects the ideas of a speech and indicates the relationship between them. connotative meaningThe meaning suggested by the associations or emotions triggered by a word or phrase. consensusA group decision that is acceptable to all members of the group. contrastA statement of the differences among two or more people, events, ideas, etc. conversational qualityPresenting a speech so it sounds spontaneous no matter how many times it has been rehearsed. creating common groundA technique in which a speaker connects himself or herself with the values, attitudes, or experiences of the audience. credibilityThe audience's perception of whether a speaker is qualified to speak on a given topic. crescendo endingA conclusion in which the speech builds to a zenith of power and intensity. criteriaStandards on which a judgment or decision can be based. critical listeningListening to evaluate a message for purposes of accepting or rejecting it. critical thinkingFocused, organized thinking about such things as the logical relationships among ideas, the soundness of evidence, and the differences between fact and opinion. delivery cuesDirections in a speaking outline to help a speaker remember how she or he wants to deliver key parts of the speech. demographic audience analysisAudience analysis that focuses on demographic factors such as age, gender, religious orientation, group membership, and racial, ethnic, or cultural background. denotative meaningThe literal or dictionary meaning of a word or phrase. derived credibilityThe credibility of a speaker produced by everything she or he says and does during the speech. descriptionA statement that depicts a person, event, idea, and the like with clarity and vividness. designated leaderA person who is elected or appointed as leader when the group is formed. dialectA variety of a language distinguished by variations of accent, grammar, or vocabulary. direct quotationTestimony that is presented word for word. dissolve endingA conclusion that generates emotional appeal by fading step by step to a dramatic final statement. dyadA group of two people. egocentrismThe tendency of people to be concerned above all with their own values, beliefs, and well-being. either-orA fallacy that forces listeners to choose between two alternatives when more than two alternatives exist. emergent leaderA group member who emerges as a leader during the group's deliberations. emphatic listeningListening to provide emotional support for a speaker. ethical decisionsSound ethical decisions involve weighing a potential course of action against a set of ethical standards or guidelines. ethicsThe branch of philosophy that deals with issues of right and wrong in human affairs. ethnocentrismThe belief that one's own group or culture is superior to all other groups or cultures. ethosThe name used by Aristotle for what modern students of communication refer to as credibility. eventAnything that happens or is regarded as happening. evidenceSupporting materials used to prove or disprove something. exampleA specific case used to illustrate or to represent a group of people, ideas, conditions, experiences, or the like. expert testimonyTestimony from people who are recognized experts in their fields. extemporaneous speechA carefully prepared and rehearsed speech that is presented from a brief set of notes. extended exampleA story, narrative, or anecdote developed at some length to illustrate a point. eye contactDirect visual contact with the eyes of another person. fair useA provision of copyright law that permits students and teachers to use portions of copyrighted materials for educational purposes. fallacyAn error in reasoning. false causeAn error in causal reasoning in which a speaker mistakenly assumes that because one event follows another, the first event is the cause of the second. This error is often known by its Latin name, post hoc, ergo propter hoc, meaning 'after this, therefore because of this.' feedbackThe messages, usually nonverbal, sent from a listener to a speaker. fixed-alternative questionsQuestions that offer a fixed choice between two or more alternatives. fontA complete set of type of the same design. frame of referenceThe sum of a person's knowledge, experience, goals, values, and attitudes. No two people can have exactly the same frame of reference. gazetteerA geographical dictionary. general encyclopediaA comprehensive reference work that provides information about all branches of human knowledge. general purposeThe broad goal of a speech. generic 'he'The use of 'he' to refer to both women and men. gesturesMotions of a speaker's hands or arms during a speech. global plagiarismStealing a speech entirely from a single source and passing it off as one's own. goodwillThe audience's perception of whether the speaker has the best interests of the audience in mind. graphA visual aid used to show statistical trends and patterns. hasty generalizationAn error in reasoning from specific instances, in which a speaker jumps to a general conclusion on the basis of insufficient evidence. hearingThe vibration of sound waves on the eardrums and the firing of electrochemical impulses in the brain. hidden agendaA set of unstated individual goals that may conflict with the goals of the group as a whole. hypothetical exampleAn example that describes an imaginary or fictitious situation. IdentificationA process in which speakers seek to create a bond with the audience by emphasizing common values, goals, and experiences. imageryThe use of vivid language to create mental images of objects, actions, or ideas. implied leaderA group member to whom other members defer because of her or his rank, expertise, or other quality. impromptu speechA speech delivered with little or no immediate preparation. inclusive languageLanguage that does not stereotype, demean, or patronize people on the basis of gender, race, religion, disability, sexual orientation, or other factors. incremental plagiarismFailing to give credit for particular parts of a speech that are borrowed from other people. inflectionsChanges in the pitch or tone of a speaker's voice. informative speechA speech designed to convey knowledge and understanding. initial credibilityThe credibility of a speaker before she or he starts to speak. interferenceAnything that impedes the communication of a message. Interference can be external or internal to listeners. internal previewA statement in the body of the speech that lets the audience know what the speaker is going to discuss next. internal summaryA statement in the body of the speech that summarizes the speaker's preceding point or points. invalid analogyAn analogy in which the two cases being compared are not essentially alike. invisible WebThe multitude of Web databases and other resources that are not indexed by search engines. jargonThe specialized or technical language of a trade, profession, or similar group. key-word outlineAn outline that briefly notes a speaker's main points and supporting evidence in rough outline form. kinesicsThe study of body motions as a systematic mode of communication. leadershipThe ability to influence group members so as to help achieve the goals of the group. line graphA graph that uses one or more lines to show changes in statistics over time or space. listenerThe person who receives the speaker's message. listeningPaying close attention to, and making sense of, what we hear. logosThe name used by Aristotle for the logical appeal of a speaker. The two major elements of logos are evidence and reasoning. main pointsThe major points developed in the body of a speech. Most speeches contain from two to five main points. maintenance needsCommunicative actions necessary to maintain interpersonal relations in a small group. manuscript speechA speech that is written out word for word and read to the audience. meanThe average value of a group of numbers. medianThe middle number in a group of numbers arranged from highest to lowest. mental dialogue with the audienceThe mental give-and-take between speaker and listener during a persuasive speech. messageWhatever a speaker communicates to someone else. metaphorAn implicit comparison, not introduced with the word 'like' or 'as,' between two things that are essentially different yet have something in common. metasearch engineA search aid that sends a researcher's request to several search engines at the same time. modeThe number that occurs most frequently in a group of numbers. modelAn object, usually built to scale, that represents another object in detail. monotoneA constant pitch or tone of voice. Monroe's motivated sequenceA method of organizing persuasive speeches that seek immediate action. The five steps of the motivated sequence are attention, need, satisfaction, visualization, and action. multimedia presentationA speech that uses computer software to combine several kinds of visual and/or audio aids in the same talk. name-callingThe use of language to defame, demean, or degrade individuals or groups. needThe first basic issue in analyzing a question of policy: Is there a serious problem or need that requires a change from current policy? nonverbal communicationCommunication based on a person's use of voice and body, rather than on the use of words. objectAnything that is visible, tangible, and stable in form. open-ended questionsQuestions that allow respondents to answer however they want. oral reportA speech presenting the findings, conclusions, decisions, etc. of a small group. panel discussionA structured conversation on a given topic among several people in front of an audience. parallelismThe similar arrangement of a pair or series of related words, phrases, or sentences. paraphraseTo restate or summarize an author's ideas in one's own words. patchwork plagiarismStealing ideas or language from two or three sources and passing them off as one's own. pathosThe name used by Aristotle for what modern students of communication refer to as emotional appeal. pauseA momentary break in the vocal delivery of a speech. peer testimonyTestimony from ordinary people with first-hand experience or insight on a topic. periodical databaseA research aid that catalogues articles from a large number of journals or magazines. personalizeTo present one's ideas in human terms that relate in some fashion to the experience of the audience. persuasive speechA speech designed to change or reinforce the audience's beliefs or actions. pie graphA graph that highlights segments of a circle to show simple distribution patterns. pitchThe highness or lowness of the speaker's voice. plagiarismPresenting another person's language or ideas as one's own. planThe second basic issue in analyzing a question of policy: If there is a problem with current policy, does the speaker have a plan to solve the problem? positive nervousnessControlled nervousness that helps energize a speaker for her or his presentation. practicalityThe third basic issue in analyzing a question of policy: Will the speaker's plan solve the problem? Will it create new and more serious problems? preliminary bibliographyA list compiled early in the research process of works that look as if they might contain helpful information about a speech topic. preparation outlineA detailed outline developed during the process of speech preparation that includes the title, specific purpose, central idea, introduction, main points, subpoints, connectives, conclusion, and bibliography of a speech. presentationA PowerPoint file containing all the slides for a given speech. preview statementA statement in the introduction of a speech that identifies the main points to be discussed in the body of the speech. problem-cause-solution orderA method of organizing persuasive speeches in which the first main point identifies a problem, the second main point analyzes the causes of the problem, and the third main point presents a solution to the problem. problem-solution orderA method of speech organization in which the first main point deals with the existence of a problem and the second main point presents a solution to the problem. problem-solving small groupA small group formed to solve a particular problem. procedural needsRoutine 'housekeeping' actions necessary for the efficient conduct of business in a small group. processA systematic series of actions that leads to a specific result or product. pronunciationThe accepted standard of sound and rhythm for words in a given language. question of factA question about the truth or falsity of an assertion. question of policyA question about whether a specific course of action should or should not be taken. question of valueA question about the worth, rightness, morality, and so forth of an idea or action. quoting out of contextQuoting a statement in such a way as to distort its meaning by removing the statement from the words and phrases surrounding it. rateThe speed at which a person speaks. reasoningThe process of drawing a conclusion on the basis of evidence. reasoning from principleReasoning that moves from a general principle to a specific conclusion. reasoning from specific instancesReasoning that moves from particular facts to a general conclusion. red herringA fallacy that introduces an irrelevant issue to divert attention from the subject under discussion. reference workA work that synthesizes a large amount of related information for easy access by researchers. reflective-thinking methodA five-step method for directing discussion in a problem-solving small group. repetitionReiteration of the same word or set of words at the beginning or end of successive clauses or sentences. research interviewAn interview conducted to gather information for a speech. residual messageWhat a speaker wants the audience to remember after it has forgotten everything else in a speech. rhetorical questionA question that the audience answers mentally rather than out loud. rhythmThe pattern of sound in a speech created by the choice and arrangement of words. sans-serif fontA typeface with straight edges on the letters. scale questionsQuestions that require responses at fixed intervals along a scale of answers. search aidA program used to find information on the World Wide Web. search engineA search aid that indexes Web pages and checks them for sites that match a researcher's request. serif fontA typeface with rounded edges on the letters. signpostA very brief statement that indicates where a speaker is in the speech or that focuses attention on key ideas. simileAn explicit comparison, introduced with the word 'like' or 'as,' between things that are essentially different yet have something in common. situationThe time and place in which speech communication occurs. situational audience analysisAudience analysis that focuses on situational factors such as the size of the audience, the physical setting for the speech, and the disposition of the audience toward the topic, the speaker, and the occasion. slideA single frame in a PowerPoint presentation. slippery slopeA fallacy which assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented. small groupA collection of three to twelve people that assemble for a specific purpose. spare "brain time"The difference between the rate at which most people talk (120 to 150 words a minute) and the rate at which the brain can process language (400 to 800 words a minute). spatial orderA method of speech organization in which the main points follow a directional pattern. speakerThe person who is presenting an oral message to a listener. speaking outlineA brief outline used to jog a speaker's memory during the presentation of a speech. special encyclopediaA comprehensive reference work devoted to a specific subject such as religion, art, law, science, music, etc. specific purposeA single infinitive phrase that states precisely what a speaker hopes to accomplish in his or her speech. speech of introductionA speech that introduces the main speaker to the audience. speech of presentationA speech that presents someone a gift, an award, or some other form of public recognition. speech to gain immediate actionA persuasive speech in which the speaker's goal is to convince the audience to take action in support of a given policy. speech to gain passive agreementA persuasive speech in which the speaker's goal is to convince the audience that a given policy is desirable without encouraging the audience to take action in support of the policy. sponsoring organizationAn organization that, in the absence of a clearly identified author, is responsible for the content of a document on the World Wide Web. stage frightAnxiety over the prospect of giving a speech in front of an audience. statisticsNumerical data. stereotypingCreating an oversimplified image of a particular group of people, usually by assuming that all members of the group are alike. strategic organizationPutting a speech together in a particular way to achieve a particular result with a particular audience. supporting materialsThe materials used to support a speaker's ideas. The three major kinds of supporting materials are examples, statistics, and testimony. symposiumA public presentation in which several people present prepared speeches on different aspects of the same topic. target audienceThe portion of the whole audience that the speaker most wants to persuade. task needsSubstantive actions necessary to help a small group complete its assigned task. terminal credibilityThe credibility of a speaker at the end of the speech. testimonyQuotations or paraphrases used to support a point. thesaurusA book of synonyms. topicThe subject of a speech. topical orderA method of speech organization in which the main points divide the topic into logical and consistent subtopics. transitionA word or phrase that indicates when a speaker has finished one thought and is moving on to another. transitionsThe way PowerPoint slides enter and/or exit the screen. transparencyA visual aid drawn, written, or printed on a sheet of clear acetate and shown with an overhead projector. URL (Uniform Resource Locator)The string of letters or numbers that identify a website's address. virtual libraryA search aid that combines Internet technology with traditional library methods of cataloguing and assessing data. visual frameworkThe pattern of symbolization and indentation in a speech outline that shows the relationships among the speaker's ideas. visualizationMental imaging in which a speaker vividly pictures himself or herself giving a successful presentation. vocal varietyChanges in a speaker's rate, pitch, and volume that give the voice variety and expressiveness. vocalized pauseA pause that occurs when a speaker fills the silence between words with vocalizations such as 'uh,' 'er,' and 'um.' volumeThe loudness or softness of the speaker's voice. yearbookA reference work published annually that contains information about the previous year. The Art of Public Speaking, Eighth Edition by Stephen E. Lucas. © 2004 by the McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved. What is analogical reasoning quizlet?WHAT IS Analogical Reasoning? It is reasoning that depends on a comparison of instances (events). If the instances are sufficiently similar, the decision reached in the end is usually a good one but if they are not similar, then the decision may not be good.
What some refer to as credibility was called by Aristotle pathos?The ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle considered credibility—which he called ethos—a pillar of persuasion as important as logos (logic) and pathos (emotion).
Which of the following best describes analogical reasoning?Which of the following best describes analogical reasoning? An argument that compares similar cases and infers that what is true for the first case is also true for the second.
Which of the following is the fallacy that introduces an irrelevant issue to divert attention?Red herring – a fallacy that introduces an irrelevant issue to divert attention from the subject under discussion.
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