How does the galactic city model explain urban development in metropolitan areas?

•  The purpose behind the model is to give the explanation of distribution of social groups within urban areas. 
•  It functions with a CBD is in the middle of the model and expands with other concentric rings around different areas.
• Strengths:

1. Obtainable for maintaining a business on that land.
2. Center will have the highest number of customers, profitable for retail activities.
3. Manufacturing will be less for land.
4. First Model and easy to understand.

• Weakness:

1. Only in the United States and Europe
2. With advanced transportation and technology the cities are not in "zones" anymore.

• Effectiveness: It applies to numerous British cities, that are old and small.

•  Purpose: State a broad principle of urban organization.
• Function: Zones expand outward from the city center along railroads, roads, etc.
• Strengths:

1. Allow for outward progression of growth.

• Weaknesses:

1. Growth of a sector can be limited.
2. No private cars.

• Effectiveness:  It works older cities, but not for newer and modern cities.

•  Purpose: To describe a layout of 20th century city.
•  Function land starts with CBD and similar industries with common land uses established near each other.
•  Strengths:

•  Purpose: To explain modern cities, that are now just not a central city, but a whole realm of edge cities too.  To account for edge cities.
• Function: Realm that is linked together to form a metro framework of edge cities and a central city.
• Strengths:

1. Many suburbs.
2. More economic benefits.

• Weaknesses: 

1. It's only possible with the automobile.
2. Urban sprawl.

• Effectiveness:  Works well to explain large cities like San Francisco and the bay area.

•  Important features:

1. Market and CBD in the middle, with a spine connecting the Mall to the CBD.
2. The upper class surround the spine.
3. The poor live around the edge of the city in shantytowns.

•  Important Features:

1. Three CBDs a old Colonial CBD, a Traditional CBD, and a Market Zone or a Market CBD.
2. There is more mixing of classes in neighborhoods.
3. The extreme poor live on the outskirts of the city in shantytowns.

•  Important Features

1. No "CBD", but instead it has a port zone.  Being since the cities are situated on the coast.
2. Have a Western Commercial Zone, this shows the heavy influence western countries have had on the development of Southeast Asia.
3. A pattern of squatter settlements and suburbs where the people live.  Industry is on the outskirts of the city.

•  A model that is used to predict how and where central places in the urban hierarchy (hamlets, villages, towns, and cities) would be functionally and spatially distributed.
• Assumptions

•  In a model urban hierarchy, the population of the city or town it will be inversely proportional to its rank in the hierarchy.
• Example:

•  The leading city of a country.  The city is disproportionately larger than the rest of the cities in the country.
• Examples: 

 These hearths of urbanization happen due to the agricultural surplus, and social stratification.  Part of the first Urban Revolution.

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      HEARTHS