Which acpi power state provides power to the cpu and ram, but powers down unused devices?
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Example of ACPI tables of a Lenovo laptop. In a computer, the Advanced Configuration and Power Interface (ACPI) provides an open standard that operating systems can use to discover and configure computer hardware components, to perform power management (e.g. putting unused hardware components to sleep), auto configuration (e.g. Plug and Play and hot swapping), and status monitoring. First released in December 1996, ACPI aims to replace Advanced Power Management (APM), the MultiProcessor Specification, and the Plug and Play BIOS (PnP) Specification.[1] ACPI brings power management under the control of the operating system, as opposed to the previous BIOS-centric system that relied on platform-specific firmware to determine power management and configuration policies.[2] The specification is central to the Operating System-directed configuration and Power Management (OSPM) system. ACPI defines hardware abstraction interfaces between the device's firmware (e.g. BIOS, UEFI), the computer hardware components, and the operating systems.[3][4] Internally, ACPI advertises the available components and their functions to the operating system kernel using instruction lists ("methods") provided through the system firmware (UEFI or BIOS), which the kernel parses. ACPI then executes the desired operations written in ACPI Machine Language (such as the initialization of hardware components) using an embedded minimal virtual machine. Intel, Microsoft and Toshiba originally developed the standard, while HP, Huawei and Phoenix also participated later. In October 2013, ACPI Special Interest Group (ACPI SIG), the original developers of the ACPI standard, agreed to transfer all assets to the UEFI Forum, in which all future development will take place.[5] The UEFI Forum published the latest version of the standard, "Release 6.5" in August 2022.[6] Architecture[edit]The firmware-level ACPI has three main components: the ACPI tables, the ACPI BIOS, and the ACPI registers. The ACPI BIOS generates ACPI tables and loads ACPI tables into main memory. Much of the firmware ACPI functionality is provided in bytecode of ACPI Machine Language (AML), a Turing-complete, domain-specific low-level language, stored in the ACPI tables.[7] To make use of the ACPI tables, the operating system must have an interpreter for the AML bytecode. A reference AML interpreter implementation is provided by the ACPI Component Architecture (ACPICA). At the BIOS development time, AML bytecode is compiled from the ASL (ACPI Source Language) code.[8][9] Overall design decision was not without criticism. In November 2003, Linus Torvalds—author of the Linux kernel—described ACPI as "a complete design disaster in every way".[10][11] In 2001, other senior Linux software developers like Alan Cox expressed concerns about the requirements that bytecode from an external source must be run by the kernel with full privileges, as well as the overall complexity of the ACPI specification.[12] In 2014, Mark Shuttleworth, founder of the Ubuntu Linux distribution, compared ACPI with Trojan horses.[13] ACPI Component Architecture (ACPICA)[edit]The ACPI Component Architecture (ACPICA), mainly written by Intel's engineers, provides an open-source platform-independent reference implementation of the operating system–related ACPI code.[14] The ACPICA code is used by Linux, Haiku, ArcaOS[15] and FreeBSD,[8] which supplement it with their operating-system specific code. History[edit]The first revision of the ACPI specification was released in December 1996, supporting 16, 24 and 32-bit addressing spaces. It was not until August 2000 that ACPI received 64-bit address support as well as support for multiprocessor workstations and servers with revision 2.0. In September 2004, revision 3.0 was released, bringing to the ACPI specification support for SATA interfaces, PCI Express bus, multiprocessor support for more than 256 processors, ambient light sensors and user-presence devices, as well as extending the thermal model beyond the previous processor-centric support. Released in June 2009, revision 4.0 of the ACPI specification added various new features to the design; most notable are the USB 3.0 support, logical processor idling support, and x2APIC support. Revision 5.0 of the ACPI specification was released in December 2011,[16] which added the ARM architecture support. The revision 5.1 was released in July 2014.[17] The latest specification revision is 6.4, which was released in January 2021.[6] Operating systems[edit]The "It's now safe to turn off your computer" screen in Windows 9x. Most of the computer peripherals are offline, and the only ways to exit this screen is to power off or reset the computer. The "It's now safe to turn off your computer" screen in Windows NT 4.0. Unlike Windows 9x and later NT releases, most of the essential computer peripherals are working normally, so the user can opt to restart instead of powering off their computer. Microsoft's Windows 98 was the first operating system to implement ACPI,[18][19] but its implementation was somewhat buggy or incomplete,[20][21] although some of the problems associated with it were caused by the first-generation ACPI hardware.[22] Other operating systems, including later versions of Windows, eComStation, ArcaOS,[23] FreeBSD (since FreeBSD 5.0[24]), NetBSD (since NetBSD 1.6[25]), OpenBSD (since OpenBSD 3.8[26]), HP-UX, OpenVMS, Linux, GNU Hurd and PC versions of Solaris, have at least some support for ACPI.[27] Some newer operating systems, like Windows Vista, require the computer to have an ACPI-compliant BIOS, and since Windows 8, the S0ix/Modern Standby state was implemented.[28] Windows operating systems use acpi.sys[29] to access ACPI events. ACPI could be disabled on Windows XP and earlier by pressing the F7 key to disable ACPI when Windows setup is starting. With the release of Windows Vista and later, it is no longer possible to do this. In addition, if you have a laptop where Windows cannot interpret its ACPI when trying to install, it will result in a "This BIOS is not ACPI-Compliant" 0x0A5 Blue Screen of Death. This problem could be circumvented by pressing F7 on XP and earlier, however, newer Windows such as Vista will require a patch to Windows ACPI.sys driver slipstreamed into the installation media to bypass the issue due to the lack of F7 option during setup. The 2.4 series of the Linux kernel had only minimal support for ACPI, with better support implemented (and enabled by default) from kernel version 2.6.0 onwards.[30] Old ACPI BIOS implementations tend to be quite buggy, and consequently are not supported by later operating systems. For example, Windows 2000, Windows XP, and Windows Server 2003 only use ACPI if the BIOS date is after January 1, 1999.[31] Similarly, Linux kernel 2.6 blacklisted any ACPI BIOS from before January 1, 2001.[30] Linux-based operating systems can provide handling of ACPI events via acpid.[32] OSPM responsibilities[edit]Once an OSPM-compatible operating system activates ACPI, it takes exclusive control of all aspects of power management and device configuration. The OSPM implementation must expose an ACPI-compatible environment to device drivers, which exposes certain system, device and processor states. Power states[edit]Global states[edit]The ACPI Specification defines the following four global "Gx" states and six sleep "Sx" states for an ACPI-compliant computer system:[33][34]
The specification also defines a Legacy state: the state of an operating system which does not support ACPI. In this state, the hardware and power are not managed via ACPI, effectively disabling ACPI. Device states[edit]The device states D0–D3 are device dependent:
Processor states[edit]The CPU power states C0–C3 are defined as follows:
Performance state[edit]While a device or processor operates (D0 and C0, respectively), it can be in one of several power-performance states. These states are implementation-dependent. P0 is always the highest-performance state, with P1 to Pn being successively lower-performance states, up to an implementation-specific limit of n no greater than 16.[42] P-states have become known as SpeedStep in Intel processors, as PowerNow! or Cool'n'Quiet in AMD processors, and as PowerSaver in VIA processors.
Hardware interface[edit]ACPI-compliant systems interact with hardware through either a "Function Fixed Hardware (FFH) Interface", or a platform-independent hardware programming model which relies on platform-specific ACPI Machine Language (AML) provided by the original equipment manufacturer (OEM). Function Fixed Hardware interfaces are platform-specific features, provided by platform manufacturers for the purposes of performance and failure recovery. Standard Intel-based PCs have a fixed function interface defined by Intel,[43] which provides a set of core functionality that reduces an ACPI-compliant system's need for full driver stacks for providing basic functionality during boot time or in the case of major system failure. ACPI Platform Error Interface (APEI) is a specification for reporting of hardware errors, e.g. chipset, RAM to the operating system. Firmware interface[edit]ACPI defines many tables that provide the interface between an ACPI-compliant operating system and system firmware (BIOS or UEFI). This includes RSDP, RSDT, XSDT, FADT, FACS, DSDT, SSDT, MADT, and MCFG, for example.[44][45] The tables allow description of system hardware in a platform-independent manner, and are presented as either fixed-formatted data structures or in AML. The main AML table is the DSDT (differentiated system description table). The AML can be decompiled by tools like Intel's iASL (open-source, part of ACPICA) for purposes like patching the tables for expanding OS compatibility.[46][47] The Root System Description Pointer (RSDP) is located in a platform-dependent manner, and describes the rest of the tables. Security risks[edit]Ubuntu founder Mark Shuttleworth has likened ACPI to Trojan horses.[48] He has described proprietary firmware (ACPI-related or any other firmware) as a security risk, saying that "firmware on your device is the NSA's best friend" and calling firmware (ACPI or non-ACPI) "a Trojan horse of monumental proportions". He has pointed out that low quality, closed source firmware is a major threat to system security:[10] "Your biggest mistake is to assume that the NSA is the only institution abusing this position of trust – in fact, it's reasonable to assume that all firmware is a cesspool of insecurity, courtesy of incompetence of the highest degree from manufacturers, and competence of the highest degree from a very wide range of such agencies." As a solution to this problem, he has called for open-source, declarative firmware (ACPI or non-ACPI),[10] which instead of containing executable code, only describes "hardware linkage and dependencies". A custom ACPI table called the Windows Platform Binary Table (WPBT) is used by Microsoft to allow vendors to add software into the Windows OS automatically. Some vendors, such as Lenovo, have been caught using this feature to install harmful software such as Superfish[49]. Samsung shipped PCs with Windows Update disabled.[49] Windows versions older than Windows 7 do not support this feature, but alternative techniques can be used. This behavior has been compared to rootkits.[50] See also[edit]
References[edit]
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Which ACPI power state provides power to the CPU and RAM but powers down unused devices select one S0 S1 S2 S3 s4?Answers Explanation & Hints:
S1 – CPU and RAM have power, but unused devices are powered down.
Which ACPI power state provides power to the CPU?Explanation: The Advanced Configuration and Power Interface (ACPI) standard provides support for power states that are very important to mobile devices such as laptops. S0 – The computer is on and CPU running. S1 – CPU and RAM have power, but unused devices are powered down. S2 – CPU is off; RAM is refreshed.
Which ACPI state turns the CPU and RAM off and copies the contents of RAM to a temporary file on the hard disk S0 s4 S1 S3 S2 navigation bar?Power Management States
The CPU and RAM are off. The contents of RAM have been saved to a temporary file on the hard disk.
What ACPI power state describes when the computer is on and the CPU is running S1?S1 (Standby): The S1 sleeping state is a low wake latency sleeping state. In this state, no system context is lost (CPU or chip set) and hardware maintains all system contexts. Note: The 7613 does not support S1 state.
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