All of the listed disorders are organ non-specific autoimmune diseases except:
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19.1: HypersensitivitiesAn allergy is an adaptive immune response, sometimes life-threatening, to an allergen. Hypersensitivity reactions are classified by their immune mechanism. Multiple ChoiceWhich of the following is the type of cell largely responsible for type I hypersensitivity responses?
B Type I hypersensitivities require which of the following initial priming events to occur?
A Which of the following are the main mediators/initiators of type II hypersensitivity reactions?
A Inflammatory molecules are released by mast cells in type I hypersensitivities; type II hypersensitivities, however, are characterized by which of the following?
A An immune complex is an aggregate of which of the following?
C Which of the following is a common treatment for type III hypersensitivity reactions?
A Which of the following induces a type III hypersensitivity?
B Which one of the following is not an example of a type IV hypersensitivity?
D Fill in the BlankAntibodies involved in type I hypersensitivities are of the ________ class. AnswerIgE Allergy shots work by shifting antibody responses to produce ________ antibodies. IgG A person who is blood type A would have IgM hemagglutinin antibodies against type ________ red blood cells in their plasma. AnswerB The itchy and blistering rash that develops with contact to poison ivy is caused by a type ________ hypersensitivity reaction. AnswerIV Short AnswerAlthough both type I and type II hypersensitivities involve antibodies as immune effectors, different mechanisms are involved with these different hypersensitivities. Differentiate the two. What types of antibodies are most common in type III hypersensitivities, and why? Critical ThinkingPatients are frequently given instructions to avoid allergy medications for a period of time prior to allergy testing. Why would this be important? In some areas of the world, a tuberculosis vaccine known as bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is used. It is not used in the United States. Every person who has received this vaccine and mounted a protective response will have a positive reaction in a tuberculin skin test. Why? What does this mean for the usefulness of this skin test in those countries where this vaccine is used? 19.2: Autoimmune DisordersAutoimmune diseases result from a breakdown in immunological tolerance. The actual induction event(s) for autoimmune states are largely unknown. Some autoimmune diseases attack specific organs, whereas others are more systemic. Organ-specific autoimmune diseases include celiac disease, Graves disease, Hashimoto thyroiditis, type I diabetes mellitus, and Addison disease. Multiple ChoiceWhich of the following is an example of an organ-specific autoimmune disease?
C Which of the following is an example of a systemic autoimmune disease?
D Fill in the BlankThe thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin that acts like thyroid-stimulating hormone and causes Graves disease is an antibody to the ________. Answerthyroid-stimulating hormone receptor 19.3: Organ Transplantation and RejectionGrafts and transplants can be classified as autografts, isografts, allografts, or xenografts based on the genetic differences between the donor’s and recipient’s tissues. Genetic differences, especially among the MHC (HLA) genes, will dictate the likelihood that rejection of the transplanted tissue will occur. Transplant recipients usually require immunosuppressive therapy to avoid rejection, even with good genetic matching. MatchingMatch the graft with its description. ___autograftA. donor is a different species than the recipient___allograftB. donor and recipient are the same individual___xenograftC. donor is an identical twin of the recipient___isograftD. donor is the same species as the recipient, but genetically differentAnswerB, D, A, C Fill in the BlankFor a transplant to have the best chances of avoiding rejection, the genes coding for the ________ molecules should be closely matched between donor and recipient. AnswerMHC Because it is a “transplant” that can include APCs and T cells from the donor, a bone marrow transplant may induce a very specific type of rejection known as ________ disease. Answergraft-versus-host Short AnswerWhy is a parent usually a better match for transplanted tissue to a donor than a random individual of the same species? 19.4: ImmunodeficiencyPrimary immunodeficiencies are caused by genetic abnormalities; secondary immunodeficiencies are acquired through disease, diet, or environmental exposures. Primary immunodeficiencies may result from flaws in phagocyte killing of innate immunity, or impairment of T cells and B cells. Primary immunodeficiencies include chronic granulomatous disease, X-linked agammaglobulinemia, selective IgA deficiency, and severe combined immunodeficiency disease. Multiple ChoiceWhich of the following is a genetic disease that results in lack of production of antibodies?
A Which of the following is a genetic disease that results in almost no adaptive immunity due to lack of B and/ or T cells?
B All but which one of the following are examples of secondary immunodeficiencies?
C Fill in the BlankDiseases due to ________ abnormalities are termed primary immunodeficiencies. genetic A secondary immunodeficiency is ________, rather than genetic. Answeracquired Short AnswerCompare the treatments for primary and secondary immunodeficiencies. 19.5: Cancer Immunobiology and ImmunotherapyWhen control of the cell cycle is lost, the affected cells rapidly divide and often lose the ability to differentiate into the cell type appropriate for their location in the body. In addition, they lose contact inhibition and can start to grow on top of each other. This can result in formation of a tumor. It is important to make a distinction here: The term “cancer” is used to describe the diseases resulting from loss of cell-cycle regulation and subsequent cell proliferation. Multiple ChoiceCancer results when a mutation leads to which of the following?
C Tumor antigens are ________ that are inappropriately expressed and found on abnormal cells.
A Fill in the BlankA ________ cancer vaccine is one that stops the disease from occurring in the first place. Answerpreventive A ________ cancer vaccine is one that will help to treat the disease after it has occurred. Answertherapeutic Short AnswerHow can tumor antigens be effectively targeted without inducing an autoimmune (anti-self) response? This page titled 19.E: Diseases of the Immune System (Exercises) is shared under a CC BY 4.0 license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by OpenStax via source content that was edited to the style and standards of the LibreTexts platform; a detailed edit history is available upon request. What are nonIn non-organ-specific disorders, autoimmune activity is widely spread throughout the body. This includes Rheumatoid Arthritis (joints), Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, and Dermatomyositis (connective tissue).
What are the 4 types of autoimmune diseases?In an autoimmune disease, the immune system mistakes part of your body, like your joints or skin, as foreign.. Type 1 diabetes. ... . Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) ... . Psoriasis/psoriatic arthritis. ... . Multiple sclerosis. ... . Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). What are organ specific autoimmune disease?Organ-specific autoimmune diseases are those where a particular organ or tissue is preferentially targeted by the patient's immune system. For example, the thyroid gland in patients with Graves disease, the beta cells of the endocrine pancreas in patients with type 1 diabetes, or the skin in patients with vitiligo.
What are the 7 autoimmune diseases?Common autoimmune disorders include:. Addison disease.. Celiac disease - sprue (gluten-sensitive enteropathy). Dermatomyositis.. Graves disease.. Hashimoto thyroiditis.. Multiple sclerosis.. Myasthenia gravis.. Pernicious anemia.. |
